Refurbishment of Old / Listed Houses in London
December 22, 2020Improving Occupants Safety in High Rise Buildings
December 22, 2020
Introduction
According to the Nottingham City Council’s report on the delegation decision, in 2014, the Mondella Center became vacant in the year 2011 and was transferred from Nottinghamshire County Council. Since then, the facility has not been utilized as alternative operations are yet to be identified. However, in order to support the regeneration of this locality, discussions were being held with the Energy Partnership of Nottingham for the prospective use of this property. The residents have also worked in collaboration with Nottingham Express Transit (NET) in order to work for the betterment of the community. Therefore, in order to emphasize the development/regeneration of the Green street area, it is proposed to retrofit this facility in accordance with the latest energy efficiency and retrofit / newly built schemes.
Mondella Centre Map
Structural awareness
Before considering any forms of repair/maintenance work, it is necessary to review the current conditions of the Mondella Center. In this case study, a brief inspection of structural works has been completed; to develop a proposal of refurbishment works required to retrofit this building (as a part of the regeneration of this area). Particularly for old structures such as Mundella Center, it is vital to undertake structural analyses to be able to understand structural conditions to ensure safety the and the wellbeing of the users (Chandratilak Dias, 2015). Since several hhazardscan make a building unstable; for example, natural disasters or fires can result in collapse/damage of the structure, which makes it pivotal to consider the resiliency aspects of the structure under the study. Moreover, dilapidated and lack of support in beams might cause additional damage when any natural disasters or such occur. The major structural members of any building are the columns; but then, on the other hand, the sheer walls of a building are considered to be rare problems. It is also important that the joints are observed to analyze whether the column/beam joint within the building is intact (Lemon et al, 2015). There is a need to look at the non-structural elements for instance the suspended ceilings, the partition of the walls, the air conditioning heating and the pipes; to ensure that the facility is adequately equipped with basic facilities for the residents. For instance, in the current building, the walls are damaged, which can be identified by knocking the walls from the outside and listening for a solid sound (figure 1). The shear cracking is a sign of severe damage to the building that needs quick attention; moreover, the leaning walls in the figure below are an indication of a compromise to a build.
Figure 1: Damage to the wall
Similarly, the soil condition is another important structural element that needs to be considered, to avoid any natural hazard. Old buildings are considered to be at a relatively higher risk in case of earthquakes and being able to predict the way they will behave in the future is important for architects. With the use of the earthquake region map and state of the art simulations, architects can anticipate how a building could behave during any future earthquakes. Moreover, the way earthquakes could have an influence on the building by being able to learn about a particular soil type that a building has been built on has been deemed imperative. Since the earthquake waves often come from a variety of horizontal directions, at some point, it is likely that a column is pushed to the ground and in other buildings, it might be pushed away or sideways (figure 2). This means that a building has to be strong enough to accommodate the forces from different directions. Therefore, it is recommended that investigative analyses are completed on the soil as well as on structural elements of the Mundella Center, to be able to gain advice on whether it is technically viable to undertake retrofit works on this structure
Figure 2: Forces of the earthquakes
Source: Lemon et al. (2015)
In addition, the current concrete makes use of various types of foundations based on the kind of soil that they are developed on (Temby et al. 2014). The spread of the footing through a tie beam or the baseboard footing is common in firm soils.
However, when the soil is a bit softer, the continuous and the tie beam foundations are used. At the time of the earthquakes, the tie beams are essential to ensure that the foundation supports the building. Thus the tie beams that have continuous footing foundations are common, as shown in figure 3 below;
Building regulation compliance
The Building Regulations are developed under the powers enacted under the Building Act of 1984 (Lemon et al. 2015). Sidney & Andrew (2014) assert that the present regulations are the ones on “The Building Regulations 2010” and most of the projects in the building need to comply with these regulations. They are important in ensuring that the health and safety of the residents are maintained and offer energy conservation as well as access and use of the building. Building Regulations often contain a number of sections that deal with the definitions, the procedures and the expectations on the compliance of the building of any given project (Petal 2003). The Mundella Center needs to comply with the Building Regulations as it comes under the definition of “Building Work” in Section 3 within the act and requires a change of the current building through considering a number of amendments based on the evaluation of the current condition of the building on the RICS documents (attached RICS condition analysis).
Figure 4: Damaged Window pane replacement suggested
Figure 5: Fixing the drainage system suggested
This implies that any works propose to be undertaken must meet the related technical requirements; for instance, the provision on replacement ought to comply with the Building Compliance on health, the supply of air and also ventilation (McGuidan 2002). The changes in the existing building would need to comply with the Building Regulations as the change of use constitutes “Building work” under the Regulation. Replacing the whole or half the window glass panes requires compliance as there is the use of the FENSA (Fenestration Self Assessment Scheme) registered installer and hence the involvement of the Building Control Service. Upon completion of this work, the local authority would need a certificate on the compliance of the work as per Part L and other parts in the Building Regulations (Figure 4).
Part III of the Regulations 2010 states that notices or plans may have to be submitted to the local authority for buildings works that include renovation or replacement of a thermal element within an energy-efficient infrastructure, changing the energy status of a building, any material change that is of use to the building and users. Moreover, Section 15 requires the owner to consult with the sewage undertaker as soon as the plans have been deposited especially where it has been required by the local authority. Section 16 of the Regulations requires the local authority to be given notice in due time of completion or commencement of certain types of work and Section 17 allows the authorities to issue certificates of completion where all requirements from the regulations have been successfully complied with. Where the local authority feels that some building work has been carried out that has not been authorized then under Section 18 the owner must file for a regularization certification which should include a description of all the work that was carried out, any plans that show the building and any plans that may be implemented to ensure compliance with the regulations. Under subsection (3) the local authorities can ask for samples or tests from the site and even inspection, after which if they are satisfied they may issue a regularization certificate. However, it is important to note here that the Regulation regards this certificate as merely showing evidence but not being conclusive of compliance with the provisions.
During the inspection of this facility, it was observed that the required repair works in the building may involve the removal of some parts of the building and replacing, for example as shown in Figures 4 and 5, as the overall structural condition does not seem to entirely deteriorate. The change of use of the building follows the definition of a material change of use, as stated in the regulations, which specify the requirements where the result could be that of change. Therefore the building must comply with the reticulations on safety, hygiene, energy conservation, fire precautions and escape. In addition, the building will further have to comply with the Regulations that are provided in the guideline on various structural components such as the drains; radon or contaminated substances. This refers to the proposed building work that constitutes part of the Building Regulations
The structural evaluation of the Modella Center has been completed, details of which have been presented in the section below. The aim of this investigation was to analyze this facility and recommend a course of actions that can be undertaken to support sustainable development with a particular focus on refurbishment so that it be re-used as a part of the subject area’s regeneration program.
Defects report
| Project: Area/Room/Elevation/Location: Floor: User Category: | |||||||
| ELEMENT | DESCRIPTION | OBSERVATIONS ON CONDITION | CONDITION INDICATO R | REMEDY | PRIORITY | PROOJECT CODE | PLATE NO. |
| Ceilings | This is the upper interior surface of a room | Visible inspection of the Mundella Center showed wear and tear of paint and destroyed lighting | 3 | Stripping of old paint, patching the minor damaged areas and repainting Fixing the lighting system | 001 | NT00 1 | AF6494 |
| Walls | This is a structural element that encloses a building in order to form the periphery of a room or the building. | Inspection showed worn-out paint, cracks that follow the mortar joints running between windows, bad drainage Part of the wall made of timber has been rotten, at various locations in the center | 4 | Stripping of the old paint and repainting Reinforcement of the structural wall brick walls using connectors, non- shrinking mortar, and special fasteners by removing portions of the cracked walls Addition of the drainage opening and | 002 | Nt002 | 4FQA1 2 |
| Roof | This is a cover at the top of a building that helps protect from rain, sunlight, snow, wind and also high temperatures | Inspection of the facility showed that the roof is in relatively good shape. | 2 | Maintenance of openings. Removal of part of the rotten timber | 003 | Nt003 | FY352 |
| Windows | This is an opening within the wall of a building in order to allow light and air into the building and sometimes act as a piece of architectural decoration. | Many of the Mundella Center’s window glass panes were noticed to be broken, with worn out paint | 3 | Replacing the cracked window glass panes Remove the old paint and repainting | 004 | NT00 4 | AX231 |
| Project: Area/Room/Elevation/Location: Floor: User Category: | |||||||
| ELEMENT | DESCRIPTION | OBSERVATIONS ON CONDITION | CONDITION INDICATOR | REMEDY | PRIORITY CODE | PROJECT CODE | PLATE NO. |
| Doors | This is the opening in a wall which is rectangular that offer access to a building and provides security and protection from the weather. | The doors of the facility were in good shape, as no apparent damages were noted during the inspection | 2 | Maintenance | 005 | NT00 5 | XY78W 2 |
| Façade | This is the exterior face of the front of a building | No obvious wear was observed during facility inspection | 2 | Maintenance | 006 | NTT0 06 | UD63C |
| Arch | This is the curved structure that consists of bricks or blocks and offers support to the weight of a structure large | Large arched openings were observed | 1 | Install tie rods across them | 007 | NT00 7 | ZJ098V |
| Vault | This is the curved masonry structure that supports the roof or offers support to the floor above | No obvious damage or wear was observed during the structural inspection of the Mundella Center | 2 | Maintenance | 008 | NT00 8 | RTY62 |
| Project: Area/Room/Elevation/Location: Floor: User Category: | |||||||
| ELEMENT | DESCRIPTION | OBSERVATIONS ON CONDITION | CONDITIO N INDICATO R | REMEDY | PRIORIT Y | PROOJECT CODE | PLATE NO. |
| Concrete | It consists of cement, water, and the stone aggregate | Cracked and crushed concrete Damage to the walls at various locations of Mundella Center, as also shown in the figure 4. | 3 | Removal of lost material and replace it with cement mortar and cement For the damaged wall, provide the steel mesh and nail it to the wall and cover it with plaster | 009 | NT00 9 | BU76G 3 |
| Random rubble | This is masonry work where the building stones are made without coursing | Loose uncooled stones and seem to lack coursing | 1 | Strengthen them by internal impregnation through the rich cement mortar grout | 010 | NT01 0 | KWK43 2 |
| Buttress | This is the small section of the masonry work that is built at the right angles to a wall so that it can prevent the lateral forces | No obvious damage | 2 | Maintenance | 011 | NT01 1 | VTF42 O |
| Column | This is a structural element which bears the weight of a building | No obvious damage was observed during the inspection | 2 | Maintenance | 012 | NT01 2 | 512BN B2 |
Constraints & opportunities
The development of a sustainable environment relies on the changes toward sustainable consumption and production. This emphasizes that the development of a building should consider the goals of One Planet Living Global as well as the National & Regional Policies. The One Planet Living Global hence involves the Agenda 21 Regional Spatial Strategy, Local Planning Policy Framework and the Building Regulations (Macnaghten & Szersynski 2013). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the building in question “The Mundella Centre” and its opportunities and constraints regarding sustainability development.
From the literature reviewed, it was observed that the concept of space planning is an important factor in structural engineering. The social evolution and its organization are mostly interconnected through geography. The distance and the changes in the resource endowment, the climate and the topography play a part in the development of the social processes. Particular spatial features such as the availability of natural characteristics do not have an automatic result (Goodwin
2014). The spatial imbalances in development are required to be well understood for development purposes (Fort 2007). Thus regional policy is required in order to ensure national stability; this is because the policy would most likely be initiated in areas that have particular problems. For instance, the locality of Mundella centre has faced a number of economic and social challenges which was the result of historical unemployment in the area and hence the subsequent regional policies in the area were implemented to ensure that the area develops in order to offer economic and social benefits to the people. This is supported by the surrounding tree's access to Woodward Street and Green Street that provide accessibility to the centre (figure 6).
This offers an enhanced opportunity for the development of the center; which is in line with the regional policies on economic and social development of the area.
Based on the building regulations in the UK, as outlined previously, refurbishment of this building requires compliance with the regulations. This involves the structural elements that indicate the condition of the building and need to be repaired as per the regulations. However since this facility is equipped with multiple access points, and various good neighboring facilities, this refurbishment of this facility can turn out to be highly beneficial for the local community in the years to come
Figure 6: Surrounding of Mundella Center, access point and neighboring facilities
Evaluation of current assessment methods regarding the refurbishment & operational use
The method of assessment is important in the promotion of the development systems that support environmental performance of a given building with regards to its sustainability. Note that the LEED and the BREEAM are two major methods of assessment of the refurbishment of a building and its operational use. Evaluation of the current assessment methods make it possible to identify number of differences such as the objectives, utilizations, type of residents and also the phase of the given application. The kind assessment methods to be used can be categorized based on the type of building being assessed, the users of the given method, the phases of the lifecycle under assessment, the structure, particular sustainability criteria for the building and the classification and communication format for the results.
Buildings often differ on the basis of the activities that are carried out within the building, the location, the community which the building serves and the economic and the financial features associated to the building (Fang & Wang 2011). from the literature reviewed, it was observed the methods such as Green Star, the BREEAM, LEED and the CASBEE are often utilized particularly to the context of a given country.
The assessment of a site does not necessarily dictates restrictions in relation to the type of dwelling. For instance, Mundella centre consists of a site with a block of flats along with other houses which require assessment, but their score in the rating is given to the building after certification. Based on the BREEAM Domestic Refurbishment report, offers the evaluation of a building and the provision of the rating.
Lemon et al (2015) suggested that the structure of a building is vital in the assessment methods since it is responsible for ethe stablishment of the overall performance score. The current assessment method is categorized on the aspect of sustainability and offers a way of calculating a single overall score based on set of weights. The weights are often based on the relevance of every category in the sustainability of Mundella centre, and subsequently, the higher weights indicate greater significance.
The BREEAM New Construction and the Green Star are similar on the basis of sustainability category, as both of these systems incorporate sustainability parameters in detail. In addition, based on the weighted scoring, the distribution on the Green Star is often similar to the LEED, in which the ‘energy’ and the ‘quality of the environment have a higher weight (of about 50 %) while for the ‘BREEAM New Construction’ it rated at about 30%. Despite that, the BREEAM New Construction has a balanced distribution in structure of the categories (in terms of sustainability criteria), including the management, indoor environmental quality, quality of the service, energy, transport, water, materials, waste, sustainable sites and pollution, as shown on figure 7 below;
Figure 7: Distribution of weights on sustthe ainability of the assessment methods on refurbishment
Source Goodwin (2014)
On this note, it can be observed that Mundella Centre is a dwelling type specification and its BREEAM scoring can be categorized as follows, considering different elements of sustainability on management, energy, water, materials, pollution, waste, health & wellbeing and innovation (table 1).
Table 1: Current BREEAM Scoring for Mundella Center
As seen from table 1, it is important to note that the refurbishment process of the building specifically considers the design of the building, improved measures, increased requirements on the contractor, improving the procurement process and also enhancing the current design opportunities. This indicates the sustainability of the building.
In terms of visual comfort, it can be noted that physical comfort has an important role to play in the performance of a building. The green offices offer an outstanding experience to the user based on the appearance, the acoustic quality and the temperature. The original design of the building and its planning has provision green of office space, a pleasant, harmonious and also a communication friendly environment, which can be of course reinstated during the refurbishment works (figure 8).
Figure 8: Visual comfort of the building can be enhanced, as provision is available
On the other hand, the building has access to public transport and this is vital for the users of the building, thereby leading to overall environmental sustainability. However, in the original plan, the open space does not open to the front road and that the design for the entrance to the site does not have tree planning to offer a green environment (figure 9). The redesign of the open space is therefore recommended to include trees, access to the road in the open space will offer visibility and will maximize the surveillance of the space, as shown in the figure above
As in the BREEAM New Construction method, the original plan does not show the retention of trees within the central area or on the periphery of the building. Moreover, in terms of water quality ,there is no sustainable urban drainage scheme on the water retention basin given open space and the adjacent areas (figure 9). However, there is an opportunity to enhance biodiversity value by planting trees which will improve sustainability.
Figure 8: Visual comfort of the building can be enhanced, as provision is available
On the other hand, the building has access to public transport and this is vital for the users of the building, thereby leading to overall environmental sustainability. However, in the original plan, the open space does not open to the front road and that the design for the entrance to the site does not have tree planning to offer a green environment (figure 9). The redesign of the open space is therefore recommended to include trees, access to the road in the open space will offer visibility and will maximize the surveillance of the space, as shown in the figure above
As in the BREEAM New Construction method, the original plan does not show the retention of trees within the central area or on the periphery of the building. Moreover, in terms of water quality there is no sustainable urban drainage scheme on the water retention basin given open space and the adjacent areas (figure 9). However, there is an opportunity to enhance biodiversity value by planting trees which will improve sustainability.
Figure 9: Original plan for Mundella Center; recommended to be revised to enhance sustainability
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Environmental sound technologies
According to the European Union News (2012), the use of environmentally sound technologies is important to reduce carbon emissions and the spheric pollution. This can be accomplished through encouragthe ement of the generation of local energy through renewable energy resources, to accommodate significant amount of required energy. Based on this issue, there can be three areas that are included in this feasibility study (1 credit) the low / zero carbon technology specification and the installation (4 credits in addition to an exemplary credit) and also a free cooling (1 credit).
However, note that the review of the renewable energy the low carbon technologies placed more focus on the technologies such as the solar panel, the water-use sanitary units, hydroelectricity, and air source heat pumps, biomass and the biomass CHP (Fang & Wang 2011). Despite the fact that no specific technology was discounted in this evaluation report, it can be observed a suitable installation site for the hydroelectric and medium / large scale wind turbines is not available, hence these technologies cannot be considered a viable solution for the site of Mundella center. While these methods would prove as a viable option in terms of low carbon emissions, it is important to note that more evaluation on the possible location of these technologies is required.
Nevertheless, the site specific evaluations are needed for the biomass CHP systems; however, the other technologies such as the solar panel heating and the low water sanitary units are viable options in the area.
Just as the Code for Sustainable Homes and the requirements for BREEAM, the policy PCS9 encompasses the requirements for the energy in development (Goodwin 2014). Considering that there is no particular data that is available for the impact of the cost for this kind of policy, a distinct renewable energy and low carbon technology scenario is proposed in this report. In this scenario, an approximation of the cost for the installation of the technologies have been provided.
Scenario – 15 rooms
The more costs associated with the use of environmental sound technologies in the 15 rooms will be on estimated average of 2 % (£5,583) of the cost of refurbishment of the building. This can be reduced to £2, 667 or 1.67 % of the cost of refurbishment when Code Level 5 is fully put into use this year. This is the result of the increased carbon reduction targets that are being achieved within the higher code levels, hence the reduction of the overall emissions that are to be lowered from the increased policy requirements on BEEAM.
The cost associated with the use of the environmentally sound technology is related to the overall cost of refurbishment that is likely to increase with the size of the development as the Policy PCS9 implies that the developers have to meet the “Excellent” standards of BEEAM implementation. Despite this, it needs to be known that the proposed figures are based on assumptions and that the developers would be required to install more technology combinations in order to comply with the policy requirements, which could result in variations in the cost of refurbishment. While these are just indications of the increased cost of refurbishment, there are more significant savings that can result from this change of use of the building in terms of economies of scale.
Note that the evaluation of the domestic development baseline on emissions in terms of regulated and unregulated emissions and the need for further reduction could most likely place more burdens financially on Nottingham Energy P a r t n e r s h i p ( N E P ) t h r o u g h i n c r e a s e d r e d u c t i o n s o n t h e renewable energy and low carbon technologies. For example, in order to achieve the Code Level 5 & 6, it is required that Nottingham Energy Partnership includes the important element of renewable energy and low carbon technology. In order to achieve further carbon emission reductions by use of the low carbon technologies, would imply the use of more financial resources.
However, this report does not evaluate the non-domestic developments as part of low carbon technologies. This is because of the differences on the consumption of energy in the speculative refurbishments; despite which, the requirement on planning has been used widely within the UK and there is likely to be no issue in the implementation within the Mundella Centre.
While there are constraints in terms of the finances, it can be noted that the implementation of the “Merton Rule” requirement in relation to the low carbon dioxide emissions through the use of low carbon technologies, NEP can make use of an alternative approach. Based on the renewable energy requirement on the Policy PCS9, there is need for compliance with the Code for Sustainable Homes Credit Ene7 for the low carbon technologies. In addition, the following adoption levels are important:
- The minimum of only a credit that need to be achieved while at the same time the general policy is being able to reach the Code Level 3
- The minimum of two credits need to be achieved with the Code Level 4 and higher.
By accomplishing these, t h i s m e t h o d w o u l d e n s u r e t h a t t he C o d e requirements and any kind of additional reduction on the emission of carbon dioxide depends on the compliance of the Code. This implies that the given policy is robust and cannot be interpreted.
Supply chain management
The use of supply chain management is an important tool in managing of collaborative work with different participants in the supply chain such as the clients, the consultants, the contractors and the manufacturers (McGuigan 2002). This is a vital method as it reduces delays and wastage of materials, reduction of cost in the supply chain, increased supply in the supply chain, improved communication and the information sharing between the partners, agility, responsiveness as well as customer satisfaction.
As per the BREEAM requirements, it is vital that a project establishes a way in which it manages its waste based on the waste hierarchy. The waste production is measured through evaluation of the waste that leaves a site or the waste contractor. The total amount of the waste that produced can be calculated by:
Total amount of the produced waste per annum (tones) * 100 / the total yearly production of output (tones)
In order to be able to measure the level of waste that is sent to different disposal points, the destination will require identification and the weight of the waste output in each of the destinations However, improving the performance at work requires the objectives of the waste management to be set and reported to the lead designer on the management of waste. The following are the set mechanisms that will be used in order to manage traceability of materials in the supply chain:
- Identify and trace the constituent materials in every stage in the supply chain towards the source of the materials as per the sub-clause 7.5.3 of ISO 9001 (Petal 2003).
- Provide the equivalent documentation of the traceability of the materials in the supply chain.
- In addition the lead designer will have to communicate effectively and work constructively within the supply chain in order to deliver the practices and the policies.
- Ensure that they operate in a transparent manner and record as well as report all the complaints that are related to corrective actions.
- Further, it is important for the lead designer to ensure that there is a written policy in regard to sourcing as per sub-clause 4.1 and this is a compulsory for improved performance in the supply chain.
I t c a n b e n o t e d t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n a s p e c t c o n s t i t u t e s a connection of five major flows. They include the business flow, the design flow, the job site flow, the supply flow and the use and the maintenance flow (figure 10). The flows of the business are influenced by the building owner and these kinds of flows include the requirements for refurbishment, planning of the project, the design, contracting, monitoring and the delivery of the final project to the client. The design flow is often managed by the architect and is led by the consultant. The job site is often generally managed by the contractor, this kind of flow constitutes help from the subcontractors and the suppliers. The flow from the supply consists of a number of products including the materials and the components and is related to the supply chain. The use maintenance flow begins when the project has been delivered and consists of the use, the operation and maintenance, the repair, refurbishment, remodel or demolition. All these often require being in line with the BEEAM requirements.
Figure 10: flows in construction
Land & property law
Traditionally, the land law comprised of all rights to property that had been acquired through either equity, common law, or the registration system which has to be completed through a sale contract and registration of rights with Her Majesty.
The primary piece of legislation that covers the development of owned land is the Town and Country Planning Act of 1990, whereby Section 57 lays down the basic principle of requiring permission for development of land. Interestingly, Section 57 expands to define development as any mining, building, engineering activity or any such work that bring a material change to the infrastructure, though, section 57(2) lays down an exemption for permission for dwellings that changed their property for agricultural, enjoyment or forestry purposes. However, splitting or demolition of the house does require permission. Changes can also be made within the property classes set, for example C3 is houses, A3 is bistros and cafes, C1 is hotels and A1 includes hairdressing or bookstore shops. Usually change of the use of the property within the same class does not require any kind of permission from the authorities however, section 106 allows the authorities to implement certain conditions that would be required to be followed unconditionally. Section 171 allows the authorities to bring action against the owners who breach the conditions mentioned by them, however Subsection (2) states that if no action if brought forth within four years the owner gains immunity from further action
The Licensing Act of 2003 lays down detailed provisions for buildings that are going to be used for a specific purpose such as a salon, a club or a café with regards to their licensing and maintenance of the building. .
It is important to note that based on the developer’s agreements, there are laws on dedication of or vesting of new roads or sewers. The agreements that are drawn up between the developer, the local authority and the water sewerage often have to make provisions regarding the building and work that is to be provided, however, this is done at the expense of the developer, on the basis of offering connection with permission to plan for the given development (Temby et al. 2014). Note that in case that a developer, vests, for no consideration of the money value:
(a) Based on the provisions of the Highways Act of 1980 or the Roads Act of 1984 for a new road (Steenberg et al. 2015).
(b) The new sewer or the ancillary work based on the provisions of the
Water Industries Act 1991 or the Sewerage Act 1968 (Petal 2003).
It is not under the supply of the developer. There is no VAT that is charged on the local authority or the undertaker for the sewerage.
Note that the income tax that is incurred in the construction for the work that is related to the supplies for the development which is often served by the road or the sewer. For example, when the supplier of a building is a taxable supplier for refurbishment, then the input tax that is incurred on the repair of the roads and the sewers can often be recovered based on normal rules. However, when the developer makes the exempt supplies, then you won’t be able to recover the input tax.
In addition, there is the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) which the local authorities in England and Wales often charge the developers within their area. This money is used to offer support to the development of infrastructure in the local communities and the neighborhoods. Note that the CIL is not taken into consideration for any kind of the supplies for the local authorities to the developers and which is also outside the scope of the VAT.
The developer can choose not to pay the money but rather transfer the asset for instance the land to the local authority. Additionally, this is not often for the supplies by local authority towards the developer. The transfer of the given asset may result to the supply of the same by developer towards the local authority.
Local authority planning application
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PLA N :"I NG APPLICATIO:'\ F ORM
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!.NA ME OF THE RELE\'A N T A UTHORITY : F o l kestone Local Autho rity
- THE LOCATIO!\ FOR THE PROJECT:
MundeUa Ce.nter
3.TYPE OF PLAN:"ING PERMISSION:
[.f] Pennission
] Permission for re.te.ntion
i.DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED BUILDING
] Outline Permission his is a building that is refurbished; it is a business c.enter that houses a numbe-r of ffic.es.
- APPLICAN'T:
VJ amt?{t) : Nom'ugllnm Enl!rgy P:utnersldp {l'lEP) Couttur deraiLs
ottinghrun Energy Partnership
thFloor Castle Heights
b2 1\.iaid Marian Way
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8.THE LEGAL INTEREST OF APPLICA NT I!\ RELATION TO THE
'TRUC.TURE:
Owner
| 11.SITE HISTORY |
| Detailt ou siu ldsrorr |
Has this site be.eu flooded before? Yes [ .f ] No[ ] D o you have know l edge on the past us e o f t h e si te? Yes [ ] No [ .f] |
Do you have any knowle.dge of auy kind of valid planning application pre-viously made fo his building? Yes [ ] No [ .f ] |
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2.CO:'\SULTATION ON PRE-APPLICATION:
Has there been a pre-application c,onsultatiou in relation to proposed changes?
THE CONTACT DETAILS
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- 4. CO:--'TACT DETAIL-S
Yo s ( J
No[ .f]
ottingharu Energy Partnership
ih Floor Castle Heights
Maid Mru1an Way
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Feng, Y, & Wang, L 2011, 'Research on the Influence Factor and Innovation System of Environment Sound Technology Innovation', Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, Part A, pp. 66-71, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 May 2015.
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